Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry (flip-flop) to store each bit. SRAM exhibits data remanence,but it is still volatile in the conventional sense that data is eventually lost when the memory is not powered.  

PSRAM  is dynamic RAM with built-in refresh and address-control circuitry to make it behave similarly to static RAM (SRAM). It combines the high density of DRAM with the ease of use of true SRAM.   

Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) is any dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) where the operation of its external pin interface is coordinated by an externally supplied clock signal. 

Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.Toshiba developed flash memory from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) in the early 1980s and introduced it to the market in 1984. The two main types of flash memory are named after the NAND and NOR logic gates. The individual flash memory cells exhibit internal characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates.

A microcontroller (or MCU, short for microcontroller unit) is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.

A sensor detects physical, chemical or biological signals and converts them into electrical/measurable forms. Serving as "digital eyes" and "nerve endings" in IoT, industrial automation and consumer electronics, its core functions are: sensing non-electrical signals (temp, pressure, light etc.) via sensitive elements (piezoelectric crystals, semiconductors), converting them to electrical signals, and conditioning signals through

Power management is a technical system for the conversion, distribution, detection, and optimized use of electrical energy. Through the collaboration of hardware and software, it ensures efficient and reliable power supply for electronic devices. Its core objectives include converting energy forms, such as transforming 220V AC to 5V DC via AC-DC/DC-DC conversion, dynamically adjusting power according to loads like the smart voltage matching during phone fast charging, and protecting against overvoltage, overcurrent, and overheating to safeguard devices, thereby ensuring stable operation in various scenarios.

Light - Emitting Diode (LED) is a solid - state light source with electroluminescence via the semiconductor PN junction. It uses electron - hole recombination to excite photons, boasting high electro - optical efficiency, long life, and fast response. Core principles: ① Semiconductor emission: Current through PN junction makes N - region electrons and P - region holes recombine, releasing energy to excite phosphors (e.g., blue LEDs + yellow phosphors for white light). ② Quantum well design: InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells raise luminous efficiency to over 200lm/W (vs. 15lm/W for incandescent lamps).

Solution development refers to a systematic solution - providing process for the needs of industries such as consumer electronics and industrial control. It integrates hardware, software, algorithms, and services. Undergoing the whole - link development from requirement analysis, architecture design, prototype verification to mass production and implementation, it realizes the value transformation from concept to application. Its core values are mainly reflected in demand customization – adapting to industry characteristics to avoid functional redundancy or deficiency of general - purpose solutions, and cost optimization – reducing R & D investment through modular design.